What is cavitation in hydraulic systems?

Cavitation in hydraulic systems refers specifically to the formation of vapor bubbles in the fluid that can lead to significant damage. This phenomenon occurs when the pressure in a fluid drops below its vapor pressure, causing localized boiling within the fluid. As the system pressure decreases—often due to the rapid movement of the fluid or obstructions in flow—vapor bubbles form. These bubbles can collapse violently when they move into areas of higher pressure, creating shock waves that can erode surfaces and components within the hydraulic system, leading to wear and potential failure of those parts.

Understanding this process is crucial for the design and maintenance of hydraulic systems, as it highlights the need to maintain appropriate pressure levels and flow rates to prevent cavitation and its damaging effects. This knowledge assists professionals in ensuring system reliability and longevity.